| Abstract |
More than 70 high enthalpy geothermal fields and prospects have been identified in Indonesia. Pertamina (National Oil company) has estimated that the combined potential of these resources represents about 20,000 MW in 2000. Since then, the National Geological Agency of Indonesia has identified more than 27 GW electric potential that may rise from 256 locations of geothermal fields over the country. Indonesia may have the highest geothermal potential in the world. 15 of the 18 existing geothermal areas that were drilled to explore, confirm, and develop geothermal resources in Java, Sumatra, Bali and Sulawesi, are operated by Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE). PGE is a subsidiary company of Pertamina as of December 2006 due to the Indonesian rule separating the geothermal and oil and gas activities regulated in the Oil & Gas Law. One of the other areas is operated by PLN (National Electricity Company), one is operated by a Cooperative Body and one more is operated by a private company. As of March 2009, seven geothermal fields are operating in Indonesia with a combined installed capacity of 1168.3 MW. Starting in 1982, geothermal development in Indonesia has been expedited by government regulations and Pertamina operated three geothermal field producing 162 MW in total, namely 140 MW in Kamojang, 2 MW in Sibayak and 20 MW in Lahendong. Following that, eight private international geothermal companies signed contracts of joint operation with Pertamina for eight contract areas between 1982 and 1994. As a result of these contracts, between 1994 and 2009, Pertamina, PGE and its partners PLN, Dizamatra Powerindo and Geo Dipa Energy had completed geothermal projects at Salak (377 MW), Darajat (260 MW), Wayang Windu (227MW), Dieng (60 MW) in Java, Sibayak (13.3 MW) in North Sumatera and Lahendong (60 MW) in North Sulawesi. The new project in Sarulla geothermal field (110 MW) and 10 MW from Bedugul field (Bali) are expected to be completed by 2011. The severe economic crisis that started in late 1997 resulted in significant delays to several geothermal projects in the advanced exploration and development stages. Patuha, Dieng and Karaha Bodas projects were delayed in time schedule and were changed in management from California Energy to Geo Dipa Energy for Dieng Patuha and to PGE for Karaha Bodas project. The business climate has grown more conducive for investment in the last three years. The issuance of new Regulations on Geothermal No.27/2003, Oil and Gas No.22/2001 and Government Regulation No. 31/2003 push Pertamina to do their business through PGE in developing geothermal power, whether PGE owned, GDE, or PGE joint operation. PGE own operation is planning to have a total Geothermal Power Plant Installed Capacity of 1035 MW by the year 2014. This will be a part of 10,000 MW accelerated power plant project proposed by the GOI. The implementing of 1342 MW planned installed capacity needs business strategy and financial support as well as human resources support, to develop and operate steam field and power plant facilities in a timeframe of less than three years in construction. |