| Title | Geothermal Country Update for Turkey - 2023 |
|---|---|
| Authors | ORHAN MERTOGLU, SAKIR SIMSEK, NILGUN BASARIR, VEDAT YANIK, ABDULKERIM AYDINDAG, ISMAIL KARA, ALPER BABA, MEHMET FURKAN SENER, IBRAHIM AKKUS, TAYGUN UZELLI, Nusret Gungor |
| Year | 2023 |
| Conference | World Geothermal Congress |
| Keywords | Turkey, geothermal utilization, direct use, CO2 |
| Abstract | The utilization of geothermal resources in Turkey has gained big progress in the last 20 years. About 20 MWe capacity has been increased to 1674 MWe installed capacity from 2005 to 2022. Geothermal direct use capacity has reached 5113,35 MWt which includes space heating 1422 MWt, greenhouse heating 1230 MWt (5293 da), thermal tourism-balneological use 1763 MWt (annual 23 million people), geothermal heating of thermal tourism facilities 680 MWt, drying 9,5 MWt, cooling 0,35 MWt, geothermal heat pump (ground source) 8,5 MWt, geothermal industrial liquid CO2 and dry ice production 400.000 tons/year. The 2030 projections are for electricity production as 3000 MWe (24 Billion kWh/year) and for geothermal direct use 10.550 MWt whereas geothermal heating has the main portion with 5000 MWt. Our country's target for 2030 is 12.000 da in geothermal greenhouse applications. The additional required investment to fulfill these utilizations for electricity and direct use applications are nearly an additional 9,17 Billion USD. Organizing of the World Geothermal Congress 2005 in Antalya (joint organisation of IGA-TGA) caused to understand the importance of geothermal very well by State of the Republic of Turkey, MTA (State establishment, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration), private sector, enacting the geothermal law and the geothermal incentive law in Turkey and MTA started to give more emphasize to the the geothermal exploration-studies, drilled 1-2 wells and leased the geothermal field to the private sector. Thanks to this method, Turkey became the 4th country in geothermal power install capacity in the World. For this reason we are congratulating the State of Turkish Republic, Government, MTA, Universities, Local Governorships, Municipalities and the private sector for this success. With the transferring (like leasing, renting) of the geothermal fields to the private sector via bidding by the MTA, the private and public sector realized the exploration, development, and investment in the geothermal fields rapidly. Most of the established power plants are Binary cycle power plants. The annual production factor is around net 70-75% on average. Since, most of the Turkish geothermal power plants are binary ORC type plants having air-cooled condensers, the production efficiency decreases due to high temperatures during summer. To compensate this, solar hybrid plants have been projected, and within a few months, solar panels will be installed and integrated to geothermal power plants to compensate the decrease in electricity production. So, the production factor and profitability will increase, the renewable energies solar and geothermal will be integrated together. In the next 10 years, It will be also given special importance to geothermal integrated utilization as district heating, greenhouse heating, drying and other (mineral recovery) applications and it is planned to expand them. Seeing the great potential of Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) and Hot Dry Rock (HDR) resources apart from geothermal hydrothermal resources, it is recommended that the first EGS/HDR implementation would be realized by the Turkish Governmental Establishments and then the private sector with special incentives will continue to invest. CO2 (as NCG) is gradually decreasing in geothermal fields during long exploitation period. It is carried out technical and economical abatement studies regarding the presence of H2S emission in some fields. We have gained experience regarding CO2 injection to the reservoir. We are targeting for geothermal utilization to be among the first three countries in the World. |