| Title | Country Update: Geothermal as The Backbone of Energy Security in Indonesia's Energy Transition |
|---|---|
| Authors | Surya Darma, Yaumil Linahtadya Imani, Muhammad Naufal Asyam Shidqi |
| Year | 2023 |
| Conference | World Geothermal Congress |
| Keywords | Indonesia Country Update, Energy Transition, Energy Security, The Role of Geothermal |
| Abstract | Since 2016, the Paris Agreement has been ratified by Indonesia to secure their commitment of the world temperature rising to less than 1.5 degrees Celsius. As a consequence, Indonesia should achieve the ambition of its Net Zero Emission (NZE) by 2060 or even earlier. This ambition has been declared by the President of Indonesia at COP 26 held in Glasgow in 2021. The NZE target will be achieved through the Indonesia Energy Transition Road Map which may transform the use of electricity from dominantly fossil fuels into renewable energy. Indonesia is currently using oil, gas, and coal for about 89% of the total national energy mix. Oil and gas mainly support transportation and industrial sectors while coal is mainly used to generate electricity and some others for industrial needs. The main problem of using coal is high carbon emission, which is the world concern to be reduced. The main reason for coal use in Indonesia is the cheapest energy generation and it is better for the baseload of energy produced for energy security. This problem could be solved by renewable energy that will substitute coal and diesel power plants. In Indonesia, there are 3 kinds of renewable energy that might substitute coal and other fossil energy to secure its energy security, i.e hydro, biomass, and geothermal. While solar, wind, and ocean energy will face severe challenges due to their intermittency. Geothermal, however, will be the backbone in ensuring a good energy transition in Indonesia. The potential of geothermal in Indonesia is reported to be about 24 GWe, composed of speculative resources, resources, and reserves which are located in 312 locations across Indonesia. The current geothermal fields operate from 18 locations with the increase of 4 new geothermal fields in 4 locations compared to 14 locations in the year 2020. The total current installed capacity is 2,286 MW with additional capacities of 205MW, which is an increase from those installed of 2,081 MW in the year 2021 presented in Iceland. The installed capacities consist of geothermal power plant in Sibayak (12 MW), Kamojang (235 MW), Darajat (270 MW), Dieng (70 MW), Gunung Salak (377 MW), Lahendong and Tompaso (120 MW), Wayang Windu (227 MW), Ulu Belu – Lampung (220 MW), Lumut Balai (55 MW), Patuha – West Java (55 MW), Sorik Marapi Modular Power Plant (95 MW), Muaralaboh (85 MW), Ulumbu – Flores (10 MW), Mataloko – East Nusa Tenggara (2,5 MW), Sarulla - North Sumatra (330 MW, Karaha – West Java (30 MW), Sokoria - East Nusa Tenggara (5 MW), and Rantau Dedap - South Sumatra (98.4 MW). The total target capacity by the end of 2022 is about 58 MW consisting of Sorik Marapi Unit 3 (50 MW) and Sokoria Unit 2 (8 MW). . On the other hand, there is no significant change in the geothermal direct uses so far. In terms of geothermal development and its utilization, the GOI has issued a revised version of the geothermal master plan from 2021 to 2035. The new road map indicates a commitment to support the National Energy Policy and energy transition program. The total expected capacity in 2035 is 9,300 MW, which is distributed to 3,576 MW in 2025; 7,780 MW in 2030, and 9,300 MW in 2035. This paper will provide information on what are the challenges of geothermal development in Indonesia, geothermal resources, geothermal development experiences, and the effort to be done by all stakeholders to achieve the energy transition target. |