| Abstract |
A model of Earth's inner structure based on Rayleigh-Bénard convection shows resemblance with geothermal activity, as well as topography, tectonics and volcanism all over the world. According to the model, convection rolls fill each mantle layer in a predictable way and the position of division lines between them have been calculated. This model works like key to open new possibilities for the utilization of geothermal energy. The division lines between convection rolls can be calculated. The convection rolls have equal height and width, and the horizontal flow vectors of each pair are opposite to each other. With the convection rolls map at hand, the detailed tectonic drift history, along with volcanic activity, geothermal activity and tectonics become more understandable, and the possibility of exact calculations is introduced. In Iceland, tectonics often follow exactly the calculated values of convection rolls below, due to divergent effect. Lower layers can also affect the tectonic plates above and thereby the surface. The best known volcanic and geothermal areas are found at points where mantle rolls division lines of different layers cross each other. A single formula is used to calculate the alignment of all convection rolls for the entire world. Features like the Reykjanes Ridge show direct resemblance with the said alignment, as convection rolls at each side of the geological structure have a pulling effect, which in turn is directly measurable on the sea floor. The whole model could in fact be drawn by extrapolating the shape of the Reykjanes Ridge. Whereas explicit surface topography can be directly traced according to calculated alignment of convection rolls, unseen tectonic features can be anticipated by applying the same calculations. The seemingly variable characteristics of all the Icelandic volcanic zones can be explained accordingly. The nature of the low temperature areas can be clarified by analyzing distinct areas, here called polygons, marked by mantle rolls division lines. The Southern Lowlands of Iceland, with the South Iceland Seismic Zone, is a clear example, found within such a polygon. The SISZ faults pattern along the parallel of 64°N and the dynamics within the seismic zone can then be explained in detail according to the interplay between tectonic drift and the dimensions of the polygon, thereby adding to our understanding of the preconditions of the well-known book-shelf model of the zone. Here, the intention is to emphasize on the effects of convection rolls system on the surface. The utilization of this model can lead to findings of new geothermal resources and more effective utilization of those sources already found. Once the system of convection rolls had been fully developed, it became possible to explain the location of both volcanic and geothermal sites, both on big scale and in the finest detail. The formula for calculation is based on presuming that convection of the mantle is stable, and the basic length scale of a horizontal flow vector along the convection rolls should adhere to Earth's radius, resulting in a comprehensive model of the whole globe. |