| Abstract |
Turkey has achieved important geothermal developments since 2015. Since the 1960’s, about 460 geothermal fields have been discovered in Turkey until yet. Geothermal direct-use applications have reached 3828,5 MWt geothermal heating including district heating (1120 MWt), 4,5 million m2 greenhouse heating (855 MWt), thermal facilities, hotels etc heating 435 MWt, balneological use (1,400 MWt), agricultural drying (9,5 MWt) and ground source heat pump applications (8,5 MWt). Geothermal electricity production is 1663 MWe (about 1263 MWe binary cycle and about 400 MWe flash steam geothermal power plants) as of December 2020. Liquid carbon dioxide and dry ice production factories , greenhouse heating are integrated to the Kizildere and Salavatli geothermal power plants. Deep reservoir explorations are going on for electricity production purposes. For his reason deep drilling targets have reached up to 4800m. The increase of directional drillings and coil tubing operation applications are other important developments for the geothermal fields in Turkey. The issued geothermal law and incentives contributed to the increase in geothermal electricity production investments within Turkish private sector. Beside of the hydrothermal system utilization, Turkey shall give emphasize on EGS systems for future projections. The Turkish Geothermal Association gave emphasise and advise on the continuing of the feed in tariff which ended at the end of 2020 and the Turkish Government decided to be continued additional 10 years with same tarif value. The total hydrothermal possible theoretical geothermal heat potential is 60.000 MWt according to heat flow maps, measured well depth temperatures and calculations made for 4 km depth. Turkey's total geothermal electricity production potential (hydrothermal, 0-4 km) can be estimated as 4500 MWe with existing 10,5 USDcent/kWh incentive and 10 years purchase guarantee. The technical and economical EGS geothermal electricity production potantial has been projected as 20.000 MWe if the 15 USDcent/kWh incentive with minimum 15 year purchase guarantee would be possible. It is known that the CO2 in the geothermal fields in Turkey, are formed mostly by the marble and carbonated reservoir rocks due to the effect of the water and heat. CO2 is emitting naturaly towards the atmosphere at ground surface from the reservoir. It is a natural discharge of CO2 and is independent to the existence of geothermal power plants. For this reason 50-70 % decreament in the CO2 amount in 10 years in the geothermal fields in Turkey has been obtained. The decreament continues. The reasons of the decline will be explained in the paper. As a natural result of CO2 decrease in the geothermal fields; The downhole pump usage in the geothermal fields will be increased. Existing CO2 in the geothermal fluid is the advantage for the artesianic well flow but it is a disadvantage for the power plant electricity generation |