| Abstract |
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) are typically constructed by injecting high-pressure water into the deep hot dry rocks (HDR) under carefully controlled conditions to create new or re-open existing fractures, which usually utilizes an immense quantity of water. Alternatively, aqueous foam-based fracturing fluids may offer potential advantages over conventional water-based fracturing fluid, including reduced consumption of water and environmental impact. Although foam-based fracturing has shown promising results in oil and gas industries, its applicability to EGS is unknown. Foams are complex mixtures of liquids with gaseous phases that are thermodynamically unstable. Their stability will decrease over time due to liquid drainage, bubble coarsening, and coalescence. Therefore, it is essential to stabilize foam fluids at high temperatures for EGS related applications such as fracking of HDRs. This paper is focused on investigating the high-temperature stability of foams containing different surfactants and stabilizing agents. A laboratory apparatus has been set up for measuring foam stability at a temperature range from room temperature to 250°C and a pressure range from 10 psi to 400 psi. Pressurized water-nitrogen foams were injected into a view cell immersed in a heated oil bath. Changes in the foam height were recorded for different temperature and pressure ranges by taking foam images inside the view-cell. Foam stability was characterized by the half-life, which is defined as the time a foam decreases to 50% of its original height due to drainage. Surfactants with various concentrations dissolved in deionized water were investigated, including alfa olefin sulfonate (AOS), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), Tergitol (NP – 40), and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). Also, the effects of other stabilizing agents, including guar gum, bentonite clay, crosslinker, silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO) dispersion on foam stability were tested. Initial results showed that foam stability decreased dramatically as temperature increased. On the other hand, foams became relatively more stable as pressure increased. Certain stabilizing agents, such as guar gum and crosslinker, can enhance foam stability in a wide range of temperatures. Our results indicate that it may be possible to obtain stable foams at high-temperature, high-pressure conditions with appropriate stabilizing agents. |