| Title | Geochemistry of Hot Springs in Bhutan |
|---|---|
| Authors | Finnbogi Óskarsson, Bjarni Richter, Heimir Hjartarson, Tenzin, Nima Dorji Tamang |
| Year | 2026 |
| Conference | World Geothermal Congress |
| Keywords | |
| Abstract | Bhutan’s geothermal potential is linked to its position on the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. This collision results in the formation of numerous hot springs, particularly in the central and northern regions of the country, where the hot springs (dz. Tsachus) have been used traditionally for their therapeutic properties. In 2024 the World Bank funded a mission to assess the geothermal potential of Bhutan. As little is known about the hot springs except their location and temperature, the first phase of exploration involved collection and analysis of water samples from all accessible hot springs. 20 samples were collected from nine geothermal areas, but two of the known sites were not accessible at the time of sampling. All samples were analysed for DIC, SiO2, all major anions and cations and TDS. At least one sample per area was analysed for trace elements and stable isotopes (δD, δ18O). The water composition is varied, with pH ranging from 6.66 to 9.95, TDS from 111 to 5420 mg/L and SiO2 from 24 to 115 mg/L. In situ temperatures were 27 to 53°C but estimated reservoir temperatures are higher than 100°C for two sites and two other sites have estimated reservoir temperatures above 60°C. Bhutan's geothermal resources, although not fully explored, present opportunities for some electricity generation but mainly direct utilization. A few hot spring areas show potential for further development, especially if during further exploration the results of geothermometry are confirmed and acceptable permeability is found. |