| Abstract |
In dry and flash steam geothermal power plants, condenser type significantly influences cold-end system performance, gas emissions, and overall plant sustainability. This paper compares surface condensers (SCs) and direct contact condensers (DCCs), focusing on their respective roles in non-condensable gas (NCG) abatement - particularly hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) - as well as scaling, corrosion, cooling system behavior, and compliance with evolving environmental regulations. It explores how the latest condenser design affects H₂S partitioning between phases and the resulting need for secondary abatement, especially in relation to ammonia content in geothermal steam. Broader considerations such as material selection, oxygen ingress, and potential for biofouling are also addressed, along with the ability of SCs to support combined heat and power (CHP) applications. The analysis demonstrates that no universally optimal condenser type exists; selection must be based on specific site conditions, fluid chemistry, regulatory context, and governing priorities such as commercial and environmental aspects. |